what is high voltage composite hollow insulators? and hollow insulators' voltage level

Medium voltage would be up to around 36 kV.

High voltage is typically from 72.5 kV up to 245 kV.

Then there's extra-high voltage, like 420 kV to 800 kV, and ultra-high voltage beyond that, like 1100 kV.

the factors that affect their voltage capacity. Material composition is important—things like fiberglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) core and silicone rubber housing. Design aspects like length, diameter, and wall thickness matter. Environmental conditions like pollution, humidity, and altitude can impact performance. Application-specific needs such as mechanical load and installation type (GIS, bushings, etc.) are also factors.

Including examples of real-world applications would help. For instance, substations, circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines. Mentioning standards like IEC, ANSI, and ASTM will add credibility. Also, certifications like IEC 61462 and IEC 62217 are relevant here.

Composite hollow insulators are widely used in high-voltage (HV) and ultra-high-voltage (UHV) electrical systems. Their voltage ratings depend on design, materials, and application. Here's a breakdown of their typical voltage ranges and key factors:

Voltage Ranges for Composite Hollow Insulators

1. Medium Voltage (MV):

   • Up to 36 kV

   • Used in distribution networks, switchgear, and smaller substations.

2. High Voltage (HV):

   • 72.5 kV to 245 kV

   • Common for substations, circuit breakers, and gas-insulated switchgear (GIS).

3. Extra-High Voltage (EHV):

   • 420 kV to 800 kV

   • Applied in long-distance transmission lines and large power transformers.

4. Ultra-High Voltage (UHV):

   • 1,100 kV and above

   • Designed for mega-transmission projects and grid interconnections.

• Material Composition:

  • FRP (Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer) Core: Provides mechanical strength and insulation.

  • Silicone Rubber Housing: Enhances hydrophobicity and pollution resistance.

• Design Parameters:

  • Length/Diameter: Longer insulators with larger diameters handle higher voltages.

  • Wall Thickness: Critical for dielectric performance and mechanical stability.

• Environmental Conditions:

  • Pollution levels (e.g., coastal or industrial areas).

  • Humidity, altitude, and temperature extremes.

• Application-Specific Requirements:

  • Mechanical Load: Tension, compression, or bending forces.

  • Installation Type: GIS, bushings, surge arresters, or circuit breakers.

Example Applications by Voltage Class

• 72.5–145 kV: Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), transformer bushings.

• 245–550 kV: High-voltage circuit breakers, transmission line interfaces.

• 800 kV+: UHV DC/AC transmission systems, cross-border power grids.

Standards & Certifications

Composite hollow insulators must comply with international standards:

• IEC 61462 (Hollow insulators for HV equipment).

• IEC 62217 (Polymer HV insulators).

• ANSI C29.1 and ASTM D3755 (Testing and performance).